Le Assurdita’ della Teoria Economica Convenzionale
Il modo in cui gli economisti tradizionali calcolano la salute economica di una nazione (il Prodotto Interno Lordo = PIL) – tiene conto solo delle transazioni monetarie.
Se un paese ha famiglie felici, il PIL non rifletterà questo fatto; ma se lo stesso paese soffre di una guerra o di calamità naturali le transazioni monetarie probabilmente aumenteranno, portando ad un rimbalzo del PIL. Calcolare la salute generale di una nazione in base al PIL ha la stessa attendibilita’ di valutare la qualità di un brano musicale solo contando il numero di note in esso contenute.
- Un assurdo correlato è ciò che gli economisti chiamano un’ “esternalità”. Un’esternalità si verifica quando la produzione o il consumo di una parte colpisce direttamente il benessere di un altra parte, dove “direttamente” significa che l’effetto è “unpriced” (esterno al mercato). I danni agli ecosistemi originati dal disboscamento e dallo sfruttamento minerario è un’esternalita’ se non viene calcolato nel prezzo di legname o carbone.
Possono verificarsi anche esternalità positive (se alcune persone hanno un’azienda agricola biologica, anche le persone che non coltivano o mangiano alimenti biologici ne trarranno beneficio grazie ad una riduzione complessiva del carico di pesticidi nell’ambiente). Purtroppo, le esternalità negative sono molto più diffuse, dal momento che le aziende le usano come scappatoie economiche attraverso le quali pompare ogni sorta immaginabile di inquinamento e di abuso. Le aziende mantengono il profitto e lasciano alla società nel suo insieme il compito di ripulire il pasticcio.
- Gli economisti mainstream abitualmente trattano il depauperamento patrimoniale come reddito, ignorando il valore dei beni stessi. Se il proprietario di una foresta centenaria la abbatte e vende legname, il mercato potrebbe registrare un calo nel valore monetario del paese, ma per il resto il danno ecologico fatto è considerato come un esternalità. Attività biologiche insostituibili, in questo caso, sono state ignorate; in tal modo il beneficio di tali attività e’ negato alle generazioni future.
Da un punto di vista ecosistematico, un’economia che non tassa pesantemente lo sfruttamento delle risorse non rinnovabili è come una persona senza lavoro che sperperi rapidamente un patrimonio. - Gli economisti ortodossi amano trattare le persone come se fossero produttori e consumatori – e nulla più. L’entità teoretica Homo economicus agira’ razionalmente per acquisire quanta più ricchezza possibile e per consumare il più possibile. Generosità e autolimitazione sono (secondo questa teoria) irrazionali. La prova antropologica della presenza di motivazioni di natura non economica negli esseri umani è semplicemente ignorata. Purtroppo, le persone tendono ad agire (in una certa misura, almeno) nel modo in cui si prevede che agiscano e sono condizionati ad agire; cosi’ l’ Homo economicus diventa una previsione autolegittimata.
Richard Heinberg – “The end of growth”
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